MPMC

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1) Write a program to sort series of 10 numbers in ascending order.

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ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA

DATA SEGMENT

STR1 DB 0A0H, 32H, 90H, 80H, 70H, 60H, 50H, 40H, 30H, 20H

DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT

START : MOV AX,DATA

                 MOV DS, AX

                 MOV CX, 0009H

Skip :   MOV DX,0009H

             LEA SI, STR1

UP :     MOV AL, [SI]

            INC SI

            CMP AL, [SI]

            JC Back

            XCHG AL, [SI]

            DEC SI

            MOV [SI], AL

            INC SI

Back : DEC DX

            JNZ UP

            LOOP Skip

            INT 03

CODE ENDS

END START

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2) Write a program to sort series of 10 numbers in descending order.

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ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA

DATA SEGMENT

STR1 DB 0A0H, 32H, 90H, 80H, 70H, 60H, 50H, 40H, 30H, 20H

DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT

START : MOV AX,DATA

                 MOV DS, AX

                 MOV CX, 0009H

Skip :   MOV DX,0009H

             LEA SI, STR1

UP :     MOV AL, [SI]

            INC SI

            CMP AL, [SI]

            JNC Back

            XCHG AL, [SI]

            DEC SI

            MOV [SI], AL

            INC SI

Back : DEC DX

            JNZ UP

            LOOP Skip

            INT 03

CODE ENDS

END START

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3) MULTIPLICATION OF TWO 32-BIT NOS.

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ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT

                  MULD DW 1234H, 1234H

                  MULR DW 4321H, 4321H

                  RES DW 04H DUP(?)

DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT

START:     MOV AX,DATA

                   MOV DS,AX

                   MOV AX, MULD

                   MUL MULR

                   MOV RES,AX

                   MOV RES+2,DX

                   MOV AX, MULD+2

                   MUL MULR

                   ADD RES+2,AX

                   ADC RES+4, DX

                   MOV AX, MULD

                   MUL MULR+2

                   ADD RES+2,AX

                   ADC RES+4,DX

                   JNC SKIP

                   INC RES+6

SKIP:            MOV AX,MULD+2

                   MUL MULR+2

                   ADD RES+4,AX

                   ADC RES+6,DX

                   INT 03H

CODE ENDS

END START

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4) Write a program to find highest number in a series of ten numbers.

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Assume CS: Code, DS: Data

Data segment

A DB 00H,01H,02H,03H,04H,05H,06H,07H,08H,09H

B DB ?

Data ENDS

Code segment

START:  MOV AX, Data

                MOV DS, AX

                MOV BX, 0000H

                MOV CL, 0AH

                LEA SI, A

                MOV BL, [SI]

skip:        INC SI

                CMP BL, [SI]

                JNC down

                MOV BL, [SI]

down:      DEC CL

                JNZ skip

                MOV B, BL

                INT 3

Code ENDS

END START

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5) To determine whether string is palindrome or not

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DATA SEGMENT

MSG1 DB 0AH,0DH,'ENTER THE STRING:$'

MSG2 DB 0AH,0DH,'THE STRING IS PALINDROME:$'

MSG3 DB 0AH,0DH,'THE STRING IS NOT PALINDROME:$'

INST DB 20 DUP (0)

DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT

ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA

START:           MOV AX,DATA

            MOV DS,AX

            MOV AH,09H

            LEA DX,MSG1

            INT 21H

            MOV BX,0000H

UP:      MOV AH,01H

            INT 21H

            CMP AL,0DH

            JZ DOWN

            MOV [INST+BX],AL

            INC BX         

            JMP UP

DOWN:          MOV DI,0000H

            DEC BX

CHECK:         MOV AL,[INST+BX]

            CMP AL,[INST+DI]

            JNE FAIL

            INC DI

            DEC BX

            JNZ CHECK

            JMP FINISH

FAIL:  MOV AH,09H

            LEA DX,MSG3

            INT 21H

            JMP TER

FINISH: MOV AH,09H

            LEA DX,MSG2

            INT 21H

TER:    MOV AH,4CH

            INT 21H

CODE ENDS

END START

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Thanks to Rahul Setpal..

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6) Reverse of String

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MODEL SMALL

.DATA

MSG1 DB 0AH,0DH,'ENTER THE STRING $'

MSG2 DB 0AH,0DH,'THE REVERSE IS $'

A DW 0000H

.CODE

START:           MOV AX,@DATA

            MOV DS,AX

            LEA SI,A

            MOV AH,09H

            LEA DX,MSG1

            INT 21H

            MOV CX,0000H

UP:      MOV AH,01H

            INT 21H

            MOV [SI],AL

            INC SI

            INC CX

            CMP AL,'$'

            JNZ UP

            MOV AH,09H

            LEA DX,MSG2

            INT 21H

            DEC SI

UP1:    MOV DL,[SI]

            MOV AH,02H

            INT 21H

            DEC SI

            DEC CX

            JNZ UP1

            INT 03H

            .EXIT

END START

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7) Signed Multiplication

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assume CS:code, DS:data

data segment

A DW 0010h

B DW 0009h

R1 DW 0000h

R2 DW 0000h

data ends

code segment

START: MOV AX,data

MOV DS,AX

MOV DX,0000h

MOV AX,A

MOV BX,B

NEG BX

IMUL BX

MOV R2,AX

MOV R1,DX

INT 3

code ends

end START

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8) Signed Division

-----------------------------------------------

assume CS:code, 

DS:data

data segment

A DW 0010h

B DW 0009h

R1 DW 0000h

R2 DW 0000h

data ends

code segment

START: MOV AX,data

MOV DS,AX

MOV DX,0000h

MOV AX,A

MOV BX,B

NEG BX

IDIV BX

MOV R2,AX

MOV R1,DX

INT 3

code ends

end START

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9) TO TAKE A STRING FROM USER ,FIND ITS LENGTH AND REVERSE THE STRING

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ASSUME DS:DATA,CS:CODE

DATA SEGMENT

                CR EQU 13D                                                                    ; EQU defines constant, CR and LF are constants

                LF EQU 10D                                                                     ; CARRIAGE RETURN and LINE FEED initialize with

                LEN DB CR,LF,'THE LENGTH OF STRING IS->$'     ; ASCII value

                REV DB CR,LF,'REVERSE OF YOUR STRING->$'

                INPUT DB 'ENTER A STRING->$'

DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT

                START:  MOV AX,DATA                                             ; Initialize DATA SEGMENT

                                MOV DS,AX

                                MOV CX,0000H

                                MOV DX,OFFSET INPUT                                           ; Print the INPUT message

                                MOV AH,09H

                                INT 21H

                                LEA DI,INPUT+01H

                BACK:    MOV AH,01H                                               ; Take the STRING from user and STORE it

                                MOV [DI],AL

                                INC DI

                                INT 21H

                                INC CX

                                CMP AL,13D

                                JNZ BACK

                                MOV AH,09H                                                ; Print the LEN message

                                LEA DX,LEN

                                INT 21H

                               

                                DEC CL                                                            ; Print the LENGTH of string less than or equal to

                                MOV BX,CX                                                  ; 09H

                                CMP CL,0AH

                                JGE SKIP

                                MOV BX,CX

                                ADD BL,30H

                                MOV AH,02H

                                MOV DL,BL

                                INT 21H

                                JMP SKIP1

                SKIP:      MOV BL,CL                                                   ; CONVERT the COUNT in BCD format

                                MOV AL,00H

                BACK0: ADD AL,01H

                                DAA

                                DEC BL

                                JNZ BACK0

                                MOV BL,AL                                               ;  Print the Length of string greater than 09H

                                ROL AL,01H

                                ROL AL,01H

                                ROL AL,01H

                                ROL AL,01H

                                AND AL,0FH

                                ADD AL,30H

                                MOV AH,02H

                                MOV DL,AL

                                INT 21H

                                AND BL,0FH

                                ADD BL,30H

                                MOV AH,02H

                                MOV DL,BL

                                INT 21H

                               

                SKIP1:   MOV AH,09H                                           ; Print the REV message

                                MOV DX,OFFSET REV

                                INT 21H

                                MOV DI,OFFSET INPUT+01H            ;  Print the REVERSE STRING

                                MOV BX,CX

                                MOV AH,02H

                BACK1: MOV DL,[BX+DI]

                                INT 21H

                                DEC BX

                                JNZ BACK1

                                MOV AH,01H                                           ; HOLD the O/P SCREEN

                                INT 21H

                               

                                INT 03H

CODE ENDS

END START

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Thanks to Rahul Setpal..

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1

Basic Assembler Directives(Pseudo Codes) Used in Programming

1) ASSUME

Assume CS: CODE, DS: DATA

It is used to inform the complier that

CS (CODE SEGMENT) contains the CODE and

DS (DATA SEGMENT) contains DATA

*****The above Directive can also be written as:

(***Not Recommended as STD. Coding***)

Assume CS: DATA, DS: CODE

Here CODE is written in DATA SEGMENT and DATA in CODE SEGMENT

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SOFTWARE INTERRUPTS

1) INT 03H

INT 03H (3) Breakpoint

INT 3 is the breakpoint interrupt.

Debuggers use this interrupt to establish breakpoints in a program that is being debugged.

This is normally done by substituting an INT 3 instruction, which is one byte long, for a byte

in the actual program. The original byte from the program is restored by the debugger after

it receives control through INT 3

.

Macros and Procedure

1) MACRO

Definition of the macro

A macro is a group of repetitive instructions in a program which are coded only once

and can be used as many times as necessary.

The main difference between a macro and a procedure is that in the macro the passage

of parameters is possible and in the procedure it is not, this is only applicable for the

TASM - there are other programming languages which do allow it. At the moment the

macro is executed each parameter is substituted by the name or value specified at the

time of the call.

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PROGRAMS

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1) Write an ALP to add two 16 bits numbers, the operands and the result

must be defined in the data segment.

PROGRAM:

ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA

DATA SEGMENT

A DW 9384H

B DW 1845H

SUM DW ?

CARRY DB 00H

DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT

START: MOV AX, DATA

MOV DS, AX

MOV AX, A

ADD AX, B

JNC SKIP

INC CARRY

SKIP: MOV SUM, AX

INT 03H

CODE ENDS

END START

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2) Write an ALP to add two 16 bit BCD numbers.

PROGRAM:

ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA

DATA SEGMENT

A DW 9384H

B DW 1845H

SUM DW ?

CARRY DB 00H

DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT

START:MOV AX, DATA

MOV DS, AX

MOV AX, A

MOV BX, B

ADD AL, BL

DAA

MOV CL, AL

MOV AL, AH

ADC AL, BH

DAA

MOV CH, AL

JNC SKIP

INC CARRY

SKIP: MOV SUM, CX

INT 03H

CODE ENDS

END START

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3) Write an ALP to sort the nos. in ascending order.

PROGRAM:

ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT

A DB 0FFH,70H,90H,60H,0FEH,20H,10H,13H,25H,00H

DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT

START : MOV AX,DATA

MOV DS,AX

MOV CX,0009H

BACK: MOV DX,0009H

LEA SI,A

BACK1: MOV AL,[SI]

INC SI

CMP AL,[SI]

JC SKIP

XCHG AL,[SI]

DEC SI

MOV [SI],AL

INC SI

SKIP: DEC DX

JNZ BACK1

LOOP BACK

INT 03H

CODE ENDS

END START

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4) Write an ALP to sort the nos. in descending order.

PROGRAM:

ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT

A DB 0FFH,70H,90H,60H,0FEH,20H,10H,13H,25H,00H

DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT

START : MOV AX,DATA

MOV DS,AX

MOV CX,0009H

BACK: MOV DX,0009H

LEA SI,A

BACK1: MOV AL,[SI]

INC SI

CMP AL,[SI]

JNC SKIP

XCHG AL,[SI]

DEC SI

MOV [SI],AL

INC SI

SKIP: DEC DX

JNZ BACK1

LOOP BACK

INT 03H

CODE ENDS

END START

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5) Write an ALP to find the largest of 10 nos.

PROGRAM:

ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT

A DB 10H,50H,40H,20H,80H,00H,00FFH,30H,60H,00FEH

DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT

START: MOV AX,DATA

MOV DS,AX

LEA SI,A

MOV BH,00H

MOV CX,000AH

BACK: CMP BH,[SI]

JNC SKIP

MOV BH,[SI]

SKIP: INC SI

LOOP BACK

MOV [SI],BH

INT 03H

CODE ENDS

END START

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6) Write an ALP to find the smallest of 10 nos.

PROGRAM:

ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT

A DB 10H,50H,40H,20H,80H,01H,00FFH,30H,60H,00FEH

DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT

START: MOV AX,DATA

MOV DS,AX

LEA SI,A

MOV BH,[SI]

MOV CX,0009H

BACK: INC SI

CMP BH,[SI]

JC SKIP

MOV BH,[SI]

SKIP: LOOP BACK

INC SI

MOV [SI],BH

INT 03H

CODE ENDS

END START

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7) Write an ALP to find the number of even and odd numbers in a series of

10 numbers.

PROGRAM:

ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT

A DB 10H,15H,25H,16H,17H,19H,23H,77H,47H,34H

DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT

START: MOV AX,DATA

MOV DS,AX

LEA SI,A

MOV BX,0000H

MOV CX,000AH

BACK: MOV AL,[SI]

ROR AL,1

JC ODD

INC BL

JMP NEXT

ODD: INC BH

NEXT: INC SI

LOOP BACK

INT 03H

CODE ENDS

END START

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8) Write an ALP to find positive, negative and zeros in a series of 10 numbers.

PROGRAM:

ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT

A DB 50H,41H,30H,00H,80H,90H,00FFH,00H,00H,70H

DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT

START: MOV AX,DATA

MOV DS,AX

MOV BX,0000H

LEA SI,A

MOV CX,000AH

BACK: MOV AL,[SI]

CMP AL,00H

JZ ZERO

ROL AL,1

JC NEGAT

INC DL

JMP SKIP

ZERO: INC BX

JMP SKIP

NEGAT: INC DH

SKIP: INC SI

LOOP BACK

INT 03H

CODE ENDS

END START

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9) Write an ALP to take a string from user, find its length and reverse the

string.

PROGRAM:

ASSUME DS:DATA,CS:CODE

DATA SEGMENT

CR EQU 13D ; EQU defines constant, CR and LF are constants

LF EQU 10D ; CARRIAGE RETURN and LINE FEED initialize with

; ASCII VALUES

ER DB CR,LF,'NO STRING ENTERED PRESS ANY KEY TO EXIT........$'

LEN DB CR,LF,'THE LENGTH OF STRING IS->$'

REV DB CR,LF,'REVERSE OF YOUR STRING->$'

INPUT DB 'ENTER A STRING->$'

TEMP DB 00FFH DUP (?)

DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT

START: MOV AX,DATA ; Initialize DATA SEGMENT

MOV DS,AX

MOV AL,03H ; CLEAR the DOS SCREEN

MOV AH,0

INT 10H

MOV CX,0000H ; CLEAR the COUNT reg.

MOV DX,OFFSET INPUT ; Print the INPUT message

MOV AH,09H

INT 21H

LEA DI,TEMP ; CHECKING whether STRING is

MOV AH,01H ; PROVIDED

MOV [DI],AL

INC CX

INC DI

INT 21H

CMP AL,13D

JE EXIT

BACK: MOV AH,01H ; KEEP ON taking CHARACTERS

MOV [DI],AL ; until press ENTER

INT 21H

INC DI

INC CX

CMP AL,13D

JNZ BACK

18

MOV AH,09H ; Print the LEN message

LEA DX,LEN

INT 21H

DEC CL

CMP CL,64H ; CHECK for STRING LENGTH greater

; than 100D (64H)

PUSHF ; CLEAR the OVERFLOW flag

POP BX

AND BH,00F7H

PUSH BX

POPF

JGE PRINT1

MOV BX,CX

CMP CL,0AH ; CHECK for STRING LENGTH greater

JGE SKIP ; than 10D (0AH)

MOV BX,CX

ADD BL,30H

MOV AH,02H ; PRINT the LENGTH for SINGLE

MOV DL,BL ; DIGIT (FROM 1-9)

INT 21H

JMP SKIP1

PRINT1:MOV AH,02H ; PRINT 1 as MSB when length is greater

; than 99D

MOV DL,31H

INT 21H

SKIP: MOV BL,CL ; CONVERT the COUNT in BCD format

; for 2-DIGIT

MOV AL,00H ; COUNT

BACK0: ADD AL,01H

DAA

DEC BL

JNZ BACK0

MOV BL,AL

ROL AL,01H ; MASK the LOWER NIBBLE & PRINT

ROL AL,01H

ROL AL,01H

ROL AL,01H

AND AL,0FH

ADD AL,30H

MOV AH,02H

MOV DL,AL

INT 21H

AND BL,0FH ; MASK the UPPER NIBBLE & PRINT

ADD BL,30H

MOV AH,02H

MOV DL,BL

INT 21H

SKIP1: MOV AH,09H ; Print the REV message

MOV DX,OFFSET REV

INT 21H

MOV DI,OFFSET TEMP ; Print the REVERSE STRING

MOV BX,CX

MOV AH,02H

BACK1: MOV DL,[BX+DI]

INT 21H

DEC BX

JNZ BACK1

JMP LAST

EXIT: MOV AH,09H ; PRINT the ERROR message

; when no string is given

LEA DX,ER

INT 21H

LAST: MOV AH,01H ; HOLD the O/P SCREEN

INT 21H

INT 03H

CODE ENDS

END START

(This Program can give a maximum count of C7H i.e199D)

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10) Write an ALP to take a string from user and find its length.

PROGRAM:

ASSUME CS:CODE , DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT

CR EQU 0DH

LF EQU 0AH

LEN DB 04 DUP(0)

MSG1 DB CR,LF,'ENTER THE STRING=','$'

MSG2 DB CR,LF,'THE LENGTH OF STRING=','$'

DATA ENDS

DISP MACRO MSG

MOV AH,09H

MOV DX,OFFSET MSG

INT 21H

ENDM

CODE SEGMENT

START: MOV AX,DATA

MOV DS,AX

DISP MSG1

MOV CX,00H

READ: MOV AH,01H

INT 21H

CMP AL,CR

JZ AHEAD

INC CX

JMP READ

AHEAD: DISP MSG2

MOV AX,CX

CALL HEX2ASC

MOV BX,AX

MOV DL,BH

MOV AH,02H

INT 21H

MOV DL,BL

MOV AH,02H

INT 21H

MOV AH,4CH

INT 21H

HEX2ASC PROC NEAR

MOV BL,01H

MUL BL

AAM

OR AX,3030H

RET

HEX2ASC ENDP

CODE ENDS

END START

(This Program can give a Maximum count of 63H i.e. 99D)

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11) Write an ALP to check whether the string is Palindrome or Not.

(Programmer defined Input)

PROGRAM:

ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT

A DB 'M','A','D','A','M'

DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT

START: MOV AX,DATA

MOV DS,AX

MOV CH,00H

LEA SI,A

LEA DI,A+04H

MOV CL,02H

BACK: MOV AH,[SI]

MOV BH,[DI]

CMP AH,BH

JNZ SKIP

INC SI

DEC DI

DEC CL

JNZ BACK

INC CH

SKIP: INT 03H

CODE ENDS

END START

(After execution CH=01H indicates string is palindrome, CH=00H indicates not a

palindrome. Comparison is done Length of string divided by 02H )

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12) Write an ALP to check whether the string is Palindrome or Not.

(User defined Input)

PROGRAM:

ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT

ER DB 13D,10D,'"INVALID INPUT"......PLS TRY AGAIN!!!! $'

A DB 13D,10D, 'THE ENTERED STRING IS PALINDROME$'

B DB 13D,10D,'THE ENTERED STRING IS NOT A PALINDROME$'

INPUT DB 'ENTER A STRING->$'

TEMP DB 00FFH DUP (?)

DATA ENDS

DSPLY MACRO MSG ; MACRO function for DISPLAY

MOV AH,09H

LEA DX,MSG

INT 21H

ENDM

CODE SEGMENT

START: MOV AX,DATA

MOV DS,AX

MOV AL,03H ; CLEAR the DOS Screen

MOV AH,0

INT 10H

STRT: MOV CX,0000H

DSPLY INPUT ; PRINT INPUT msg

LEA SI,TEMP

MOV AH,01H

MOV [SI],AL

INT 21H

INC CX

INC SI

CMP AL,13D ; CHECK whether STRING PROVIDED

JNE BACK

DSPLY ER ; PRINT ERROR msg on SCREEN

MOV AH,02H ; LINE FEED and CARRIAGE RETURN

MOV DL,13D

INT 21H

MOV AH,02H

MOV DL,10D

INT 21H

JMP STRT

BACK: MOV AH,01H ; TAKE INPUT from user and STORE

MOV [SI],AL

INT 21H

INC SI

INC CX

CMP AL,13D

JNZ BACK

DEC CX

MOV BX,CX

CALL COUNT ; CALL sub-routine to CALCULATE NO. of

LEA SI,TEMP ; COMPARISION

INC SI

LEA DI,TEMP

ADD DI,BX

BACK1: MOV AH,[SI]

MOV DH,[DI]

CMP AH,DH

JNZ SKIP

INC SI

DEC DI

DEC CL

JZ BACK1

DSPLY A

JMP EXIT

SKIP: DSPLY B

EXIT: MOV AH,01H

INT 21H

INT 03H

COUNT PROC NEAR ; CALCULATE NO. OF COMPARISION

MOV AX,CX

MOV CL,02H

DIV CL

MOV CL,AL

RET

COUNT ENDP

CODE ENDS

END START

******************

If enter is given as first character it will show an error------------

“INVALID INPUT”…..PLS TRY AGAIN

And in next line will again ask for Input

**********************

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13) Write an ALP for MULTIPLICATION OF TWO 32-BIT NOS.

PROGRAM:

ASSUME CS:CODE,DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT

MULD DW 1234H, 1234H

MULR DW 4321H, 4321H

RES DW 04H DUP(?)

DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT

START: MOV AX,DATA

MOV DS,AX

MOV AX, MULD

MUL MULR

MOV RES,AX

MOV RES+2,DX

MOV AX, MULD+2

MUL MULR

ADD RES+2,AX

ADC RES+4, DX

MOV AX, MULD

MUL MULR+2

ADD RES+2,AX

ADC RES+4,DX

JNC SKIP

INC RES+6

SKIP: MOV AX,MULD+2

MUL MULR+2

ADD RES+4,AX

ADC RES+6,DX

INT 03H

CODE ENDS

END START

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